Formulation of boronic acid compounds

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the formulation of pharmaceutical compounds. More particularly, the invention provides stable, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions prepared from boronic acid compounds and methods for preparing the compositions. The invention also provides novel boronate ester compounds. The invention further provides boronic acid anhydride compounds useful in the methods of the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/264,160, filed on Jan. 25, 2001.

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

Work described herein was performed under Collaborative Research andDevelopment Agreement (CRADA) Number 0676. The United States Governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the formulation of pharmaceutical compounds.More particularly, the invention relates to stable, pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions prepared from boronic acid compounds. Theinvention also relates to methods for preparing such compositions.

2. Summary of the Related Art

Boronic acid and ester compounds display a variety of pharmaceuticallyuseful biological activities. Shenvi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,082(1985), discloses that peptide boronic acids are inhibitors of certainproteolytic enzymes. Kettner and Shenvi, U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,157 (1993);U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,904 (1993); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,720 (1993),describe a class of peptide boronic acids that inhibit trypsin-likeproteases. Kleeman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,841 (1992), disclosesN-terminally modified peptide boronic acids that inhibit the action ofrenin. Kinder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,948 (1992), discloses thatcertain tripeptide boronic acid compounds inhibit the growth of cancercells.

More recently, boronic acid and ester compounds have displayedparticular promise as inhibitors of the proteasome, a multicatalyticprotease responsible for the majority of intracellular protein turnover.Ciechanover, Cell, 79: 13-21 (1994), teaches that the proteasome is theproteolytic component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, in whichproteins are targeted for degradation by conjugation to multiplemolecules of ubiquitin. Ciechanover also teaches that theubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a key role in a variety of importantphysiological processes.

Adams et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,454 (1998), U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,730(2000), U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,903 (2000), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,217(2001), hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, describepeptide boronic ester and acid compounds useful as proteasomeinhibitors. The references also describe the use of boronic ester andacid compounds to reduce the rate of muscle protein degradation, toreduce the activity of NF-κB in a cell, to reduce the rate ofdegradation of p53 protein in a cell, to inhibit cyclin degradation in acell, to inhibit the growth of a cancer cell, to inhibit antigenpresentation in a cell, to inhibit NF-κB dependent cell adhesion, and toinhibit HIV replication. Brand et al., WO 98/35691, teaches thatproteasome inhibitors, including boronic acid compounds, are useful fortreating infarcts such as occur during stroke or myocardial infarction.Elliott et al., WO 99/15183, teaches that proteasome inhibitors areuseful for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Unfortunately, alkylboronic acids are relatively difficult to obtain inanalytically pure form. For example, Snyder et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.80: 3611 (1958), teaches that arylboronic acid compounds readily formcyclic trimeric anhydrides under dehydrating conditions. Also,alkylboronic acids and their boroxines are often air-sensitive. Korceket al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 242 (1972), teaches thatbutylboronic acid is readily oxidized by air to generate 1-butanol andboric acid. These difficulties limit the pharmaceutical utility ofboronic acid compounds, complicating the characterization ofpharmaceutical agents comprising boronic acid compounds and limitingtheir shelf-life.

There is thus a need in the art for improved formulations of boronicacid compounds. Ideally, such formulations would be convenientlyprepared, would exhibit enhanced stability and longer shelf life ascompared to the free boronic acid compound, and would readily liberatethe bioactive boronic acid compound when administered to a subject inneed of boronic acid therapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides stable, pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions prepared from boronic acid compounds. The invention alsoprovides methods for preparing such compositions. The invention providesthe discovery that lyophilization of an aqueous mixture comprising aboronic acid compound and a compound having at least two hydroxyl groupsproduces a stable composition that readily releases the boronic acidcompound upon dissolution in aqueous media.

In a first aspect, the invention provides boronate ester compoundshaving formula (1):

wherein:

P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety;

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

A is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵;

R⁵, in each instance, is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ isalkyl;

where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can beoptionally substituted; and

Z¹ and Z² together form a moiety derived from a sugar, wherein the atomattached to boron in each case is an oxygen atom.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising acompound of formula (2):

wherein:

P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety;

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

A is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵;

R⁵, in each instance, is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ isalkyl;

where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can beoptionally substituted; and

Z³ and Z⁴ together form a moiety derived from a compound having at leasttwo hydroxyl groups separated by at least two connecting atoms in achain or ring, said chain or ring comprising carbon atoms and,optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O;

in a lyophilized powder.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a method for formulating aboronic acid compound, the method comprising:

(a) preparing an aqueous mixture comprising

(i) a boronic acid compound; and

(ii) a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups separated by atleast two connecting atoms in a chain or ring, the chain or ringcomprising carbon atoms, and optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatomswhich can be N, S, or O; and

(b) lyophilizing the mixture.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for formulating aboronic acid compound, the method comprising:

(a) preparing a boronic acid anhydride compound;

(b) mixing the boronic acid anhydride compound with water and a compoundhaving at least two hydroxyl groups separated by at least two connectingatoms in a chain or ring, the chain or ring comprising carbon atoms,and, optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O toproduce an aqueous mixture; and

(c) lyophilizing the mixture.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides compositions prepared by themethods of the invention.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides boronic acid anhydridecompounds useful in the methods of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention provides stable, pharmaceutically acceptable compositionsprepared from boronic acid compounds and methods for preparing thecompositions. The invention also provides novel boronate estercompounds. The invention further provides boronic acid anhydridecompounds useful in the methods of the invention.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishesknowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. The issuedpatents, applications, and references that are cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was specificallyand individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the caseof inconsistencies, the present disclosure will prevail.

For purposes of the present invention, the following definitions will beused:

As used herein, the terms “formulate” and “formulation” refer to thepreparation of a boronic acid compound in a form suitable foradministration to a mammalian subject, preferably a human. Often,formulation of the boronic acid compound comprises addition ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, or carriers. In someembodiments, formulation of the boronic acid compound comprisesformation of a chemical derivative of the boronic acid compound,preferably formation of a boronate ester. The term “formulation” refersto any form commonly used for pharmaceutical administration, includingsolids, liquids, suspensions, creams, and gels. For purposes of thepresent invention, the formulation is preferably a lyophilized powder.

As used herein, the term “lyophilized powder” refers to any solidmaterial obtained by lyophilization of an aqueous mixture.

By “stable formulation” is meant any formulation having sufficientstability to have utility as a pharmaceutical agent. Preferably, theformulation has sufficient stability to allow storage at a convenienttemperature, preferably between 0° C. and 40° C., for a reasonableperiod of time, preferably longer than one month, more preferably longerthan three months, even more preferably longer than six months, and mostpreferably longer than one year.

As employed herein, the term “boronic acid” refers to any chemicalcompound comprising a —B(OH)₂ moiety. Snyder et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.80: 3611 (1958), teaches that arylboronic acid compounds readily formoligomeric anhydrides by dehydration of the boronic acid moiety. Thus,unless otherwise apparent from context, the term “boronic acid” isexpressly intended to encompass free boronic acids, oligomericanhydrides, including, but not limited to, dimers, trimers, andtetramers, and mixtures thereof.

As employed herein, the term “compound having at least two hydroxylgroups” refers to any compound having two or more hydroxyl groups. Forpurposes of the present invention, the two hydroxyl groups arepreferably separated by at least two connecting atoms, preferably fromabout 2 to about 5 connecting atoms, more preferably 2 or 3 connectingatoms. The connecting atoms may be in a chain or a ring, the chain orring comprising carbon atoms and, optionally, a heteroatom orheteroatoms which can be N, S, or O. For convenience, the term“dihydroxy compound” may be used to refer to a compound having at leasttwo hydroxyl groups, as defined above. Thus, as employed herein, theterm “dihydroxy compound” is not intended to be limited to compoundshaving only two hydroxyl groups.

As employed herein, the term “amino-group protecting moiety” refers toany group used to derivatize an amino group, especially an N-terminalamino group of a peptide or amino acid. Such groups include, withoutlimitation, alkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and sulfonylmoieties. However, the term “amino-group protecting moiety” is notintended to be limited to those particular protecting groups that arecommonly employed in organic synthesis, nor is it intended to be limitedto groups that are readily cleavable.

The term “chalcogen” as employed herein refers to the elements oxygen orsulfur.

The term “alkyl” as employed herein refers to straight and branchedchain aliphatic groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1-8carbon atoms, more preferably 1-6 carbon atoms, and still morepreferably 1-4 carbon atoms, which may be optionally substituted withone, two or three substituents. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, theterm “alkyl” is meant to include saturated, unsaturated, and partiallyunsaturated aliphatic groups. When unsaturated groups are particularlyintended, the terms “alkenyl” or “alkynyl” will be used. When onlysaturated groups are intended, the term “saturated alkyl” will be used.Preferred saturated alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,pentyl, and hexyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” as employed herein includes saturated andpartially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons,preferably 3 to 8 carbons, and more preferably 3 to 6 carbons, whereinthe cycloalkyl group additionally may be optionally substituted.Preferred cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

An “aryl” group is a C₆-C₁₄ aromatic moiety comprising one to threearomatic rings, which may be optionally substituted. Preferably, thearyl group is a C₆-C₁₀ aryl group. Preferred aryl groups include,without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and fluorenyl. An“aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” group comprises an aryl group covalently linkedto an alkyl group, either of which may independently be optionallysubstituted or unsubstituted. Preferably, the aralkyl group is(C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, including, without limitation, benzyl,phenethyl, and naphthylmethyl. An “alkaryl” or “alkylaryl” group is anaryl group having one or more alkyl substituents. Examples of alkarylgroups include, without limitation, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, ethylphenyl,tert-butylphenyl, and methylnaphthyl.

The terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclic”, and “heterocyclyl” refer to anystable ring structure having from about 3 to about 8 atoms, wherein oneor more atoms are selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. Thenitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms of the heterocyclic moiety may beoptionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atoms may be optionallyquaternized. The heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant groupat any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable formula. Theterm “stable compound” or “stable formula” is meant to refer to acompound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a usefuldegree of purity from a reaction mixture and formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent.

The heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted on carbon at one ormore positions with any of the substituents recited above. Theheterocyclic group may also independently be substituted on nitrogenwith alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylcarbonyl,arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, oxo, or hydroxy, or onsulfur with oxo or lower alkyl. Preferred heterocyclic groups include,without limitation, epoxy, aziridinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolidinonyl,and morpholinyl. The heterocyclic group may also be fused to an aryl,heteroaryl, or heterocyclic group. Examples of such fused heterocylesinclude, without limitation, tetrahydroquinoline and dihydrobenzofuran.

As used herein, the terms “heteroaryl” and “aromatic heterocyle” referto groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, 9, or 10 ringatoms; having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array; andhaving, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to about four, preferablyfrom one to about three, heteroatoms selected from the group consistingof N, O, and S. The heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted oncarbon at one or more positions with any of the substituents recitedabove. Preferred heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl,benzothienyl, furyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl,pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, quinolyl,isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, andisoxazolyl.

As employed herein, a “substituted” alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is one having from one and to aboutfour, preferably from one to about three, more preferably one or two,non-hydrogen substituents. Suitable substituents include, withoutlimitation, halo, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl,aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, acylamino, alkylcarbamoyl,arylcarbamoyl, aminoalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, hydroxyalkyl,alkanesulfonyl, arenesulfonyl, alkanesulfonamido, arenesulfonamido,aralkylsulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, acyloxy, cyano, and ureido groups.Preferably the substituents are independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,(C₁-C₆)alkyl(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, cyano,amino, C₁-C₆alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, benzylamino, dibenzylamino,nitro, carboxy, carbo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, halogen, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl(C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₆-C₁₀)aryl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₆-C₁₀ arylthio, C₆-C₁₀arylsulfinyl, C₆-C₁₀ arylsulfonyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₁-C₆)alkyl(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, and halo(C₆-C₁₀)aryl.

The term “halogen” or “halo” as employed herein refers to chlorine,bromine, fluorine, or iodine.

The term oxo refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a carbonyl whenattached to carbon, an N-oxide when attached to nitrogen, and asulfoxide or sulfone when attached to sulfur.

As herein employed, the term “acyl” refers to an alkylcarbonyl orarylcarbonyl substituent.

The term “acylamino” refers to an amide group attached at the nitrogenatom. The term “carbamoyl” refers to an amide group attached at thecarbonyl carbon atom. The nitrogen atom of an acylamino or carbamoylsubstituent may be additionally substituted. The term “sulfonamido”refers to a sulfonamide substituent attached by either the sulfur or thenitrogen atom. The term “amino” is meant to include NH₂, alkylamino,arylamino, and cyclic amino groups.

The term “ureido” as employed herein refers to a substituted orunsubstituted urea moiety.

In a first aspect, the invention provides boronate ester compoundshaving formula (1):

wherein

P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety;

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

A is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵;

R⁵, in each instance, is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ isalkyl;

where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can beoptionally substituted; and

Z¹ and Z² together form a moiety derived from a sugar, wherein the atomattached to boron in each case is an oxygen atom.

As used herein, the term “moiety derived from a sugar” refers to amoiety formed by removing the hydrogen atoms from two hydroxyl groups ofany sugar moiety. The moiety derived from a sugar may be attached toboron by any two of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar. For example, invarious embodiments, the boronate ester forms a 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, or9-membered ring. In some preferred embodiments, the boronate ester formsa 5- or 6-membered ring.

The sugar is preferably a monosaccharide or disaccharide. Non-limitingexamples of suitable sugars include, glucose, sucrose, fructose,trehalose, mannitol, and sorbitol. In certain preferred embodiments, thesugar is a reduced sugar, more preferably mannitol or sorbitol. Thus, inthe embodiment wherein the sugar is mannitol or sorbitol, Z¹ and Z²together form a moiety of formula C₆H₁₂O₆, wherein the oxygen atoms ofthe two deprotonated hydroxyl groups form covalent attachments withboron to form a boronate ester compound.

Preferably, the mannitol or sorbitol boronate ester compound has one ofthe following structures:

However, structures with larger boronate ester ring sizes are alsopossible.

In certain preferred embodiments, the mannitol or sorbitol boronateester forms a symmetrical 5-membered ring having the followingstructure:

Preferably, the mannitol or sorbitol is of the D-configuration, althoughthe L-configuration may also be used. In certain particularly preferredembodiments, Z¹ and Z² together form a moiety derived from D-mannitol.In these embodiments, the boronate ester compound preferably has one ofthe following structures:

However, structures with larger boronate ester ring sizes are alsopossible.

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the boronate estercompound has the following structure:

The P moiety of the compound of formula (1) is preferably hydrogen orone of R⁷—C(O)—, R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O—C(O)—, where R⁷ is oneof alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl, any of which can be optionallysubstituted, or when Y is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be anoptionally substituted 5- to 10-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle.

In certain preferred embodiments, P is one of R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, andR⁷ is an optionally substituted 5- to 10-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle. Preferably, R⁷ is an aromaticheterocycle, more preferably pyrazinyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, orquinoxalinyl, or a saturated heterocycle, preferably morpholinyl. Insome preferred embodiments, P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or(2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.

In some preferred embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some other preferredembodiments, R is alkyl, preferably C₁-C₆ alkyl, more preferably C₁-C₄alkyl, and most preferably methyl or ethyl.

The variable A in formula (1) can be 0, 1, or 2. Thus, when A is zero,the residue within the brackets is not present and the boronate estercompound is a dipeptide. Similarly, where A is 1, the residue within thebrackets is present and the compound is a tripeptide. Where A is 2, thecompound is a tetrapeptide. In certain particularly preferredembodiments, A is zero. For purposes of the invention, the terms“peptide”, “dipeptide”, and “tripeptide” are intended to encompasscompounds comprising natural amino acid residues, unnatural amino acidresidues, or a combination of natural and unnatural amino acid residues.It will be apparent from formulae (1)-(3), that the terms “peptide”,“dipeptide”, and “tripeptide” are used herein to refer to compounds inwhich the carboxylic acid functionality of the C-terminal amino acidresidue is replaced by a boronic acid or boronate ester functionality.

It is preferred that the substituents R¹, R², and R³ in formula (1) areeach independently one of hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, orC₆-C₁₀ aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵, wherein each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁵ may beoptionally substituted. More preferably, R¹, R², and R³ are eachindependently one of C₁-C₄ alkyl or —CH₂—R⁵, and R⁵ is one ofcycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶ where W ischalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl. Preferably, R⁵ is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or C₁-C₈ alkylthio or a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring.

In certain preferred embodiments, the compound of formula (1) is one of:

D-Mannitol N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;

D-Mannitol N-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucineboronate;

D-Mannitol N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;

D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;

D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucineboronate;

D-Mannitol N-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucineboronate;

D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate;

D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronate; orD-MannitolN-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate.

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the compound of formula(1) is D-Mannitol N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboronate, preferably having the following structure:

In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising acompound of formula (2):

wherein

P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety;

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

A is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵;

R⁵, in each instance, is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ isalkyl;

where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can beoptionally substituted; and

Z³ and Z⁴ together form a moiety derived from a compound having at leasttwo hydroxyl groups separated by at least two connecting atoms in achain or ring, said chain or ring comprising carbon atoms and,optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O, whereinthe atom attached to boron in each case is an oxygen atom;

in a lyophilized powder.

Preferred values for the variables P, R, A, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, and R⁶according to this aspect of the invention are as described above for thefirst aspect.

The term “moiety derived from a compound having at least two hydroxylgroups” according to this aspect of the invention is used analogously tothe term “moiety derived from a sugar” described above, and thus refersto a moiety formed by removing the hydrogen atoms from two hydroxylgroups of a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups. The moietyderived from a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups may beattached to boron by the oxygen atoms of any two of its hydroxyl groups.Preferably, the boron atom, the oxygen atoms attached to boron, and theatoms connecting the two oxygen atoms together form a 5- or 6-memberedring. Examples of suitable compounds having at least two hydroxyl groups(“dihydroxy compounds”) include, without limitation, pinanediol,pinacol, perfluoropinacol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, catechol,1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol,1,4-butanediol, glycerol, and diethanolamine.

For purposes of the present invention, the dihydroxy compound ispreferably pharmaceutically acceptable and is preferably miscible orsoluble in water or an alcoholic solvent. In some preferred embodiments,the dihydroxy compound is a sugar, as described above, preferably amonosaccharide or disaccharide, more preferably a reduced sugar, andmost preferably sorbitol or mannitol. In certain particularly preferredembodiments, the dihydroxy compound is mannitol, most preferablyD-mannitol.

The composition according to this aspect of the invention is in the formof a lyophilized powder. In some preferred embodiments, the compositionalso comprises the free dihydroxy compound. Preferably, the dihydroxycompound and the compound of formula (1) are present in the mixture in amolar ratio ranging from about 0.5:1 to about 100:1, more preferablyfrom about 5:1 to about 100:1. In various embodiments, the dihydroxycompound and the compound of formula (1) are present in a ratio rangingfrom about 10:1 to about 100:1, from about 20:1 to about 100:1, or fromabout 40:1 to about 100:1.

In some preferred embodiments, the composition further comprises one ormore other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, diluentsfillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materialswell known in the art. The preparation of pharmaceutically acceptableformulations containing these materials is described in, e.g.,Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed., ed. A.Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

The compounds and compositions according to the first and second aspectsof the invention may be prepared by the methods described herein, or byany method suitable to produce the compound or composition. For example,the boronate esters of formula (1) can be prepared from thecorresponding boronic acids by lyophilization in the presence ofmannitol or sorbitol, as described herein, or, alternatively, can beprepared from another boronate ester by transesterification.Alternatively, the boronate esters of formula (1) can be prepared byincorporation of the sugar moiety at an earlier stage in the synthesis.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a method for formulating aboronic acid compound, the method comprising:

(a) preparing an aqueous mixture comprising

(i) a boronic acid compound; and

(ii) a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups separated by atleast two connecting atoms in a chain or ring, the chain or ringcomprising carbon atoms, and optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatomswhich can be N, S, or O; and

(b) lyophilizing the mixture.

In certain preferred embodiments, the aqueous mixture comprises one ormore co-solvents in addition to water. Preferably, the co-solvent ismiscible with water. More preferably, the co-solvent is an alcohol,including, without limitation, ethanol and tert-butanol. The compositionof the solvent mixture may range from about 5% to about 95% v/v alcohol.In some embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixture comprises from about30% to about 50% alcohol, preferably from about 35% to about 45%alcohol. In certain preferred embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixturecomprises about 40% tert-butanol.

In some other embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixture comprises fromabout 1% to about 15% alcohol, preferably from about 5% to about 10%alcohol. In certain preferred embodiments, the aqueous solvent mixturecomprises from about 5% to about 10% ethanol.

Preferably, the compound having at least two hydroxyl groups and theboronic acid compound are present in the mixture in a molar ratioranging from about 1:1 to about 100:1. In various embodiments, the molarratio of dihydroxy compound to boronic acid compound is about 10:1,20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, or 100:1. Other ratiosare also possible. These ratios are approximate, and may vary somewhatfor weighing ease. For example, in the formulation described in Example1 below, the aqueous mixture contained dihydroxy compound and boronicacid compound in a 10:1 w/w ratio, which corresponds to a 21:1 molarratio.

The aqueous mixture can be prepared by any order of addition. Forexample, in some embodiments, the dihydroxy compound is added to anaqueous mixture comprising a boronic acid compound. In some otherembodiments, the boronic acid compound is added to an aqueous mixturecomprising a dihydroxy compound. In still yet other embodiments, theboronic acid compound and dihydroxy compound can be added at the sametime, or nearly at the same time. In some embodiments, it may beadvantageous initially to add the boronic acid compound and/or thedihydroxy compound to a solvent mixture containing a higher percentageof co-solvent than is desired for the lyophilization step, and thendilute with water.

In some preferred embodiments, the mixture further comprises one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, diluents fillers,salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials wellknown in the art. The preparation of pharmaceutically acceptableformulations containing these materials is described in, e.g.,Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed., ed. A.Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

Preferred compounds having at least two hydroxyl groups (“dihydroxycompounds”) according to this aspect of the invention are as describedabove for the second aspect.

In certain preferred embodiments, the boronic acid compound according tothis aspect of the invention has formula (3):

wherein

P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety;

R is hydrogen or alkyl;

A is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹, R², and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵;

R⁵, in each instance, is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ isalkyl;

where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵can beoptionally substituted; and

Z⁵ and Z⁶ are each OH.

Preferred values for the variables P, R, A, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, and R⁶according to this aspect of the invention are as described above for thefirst aspect.

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the boronic acid compoundis one of:

N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid;

N-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronic acid;

N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronic acid; or

N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronic acid.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for formulating aboronic acid compound, the method comprising:

(a) preparing a boronic acid anhydride compound;

(b) mixing the boronic acid anhydride compound with water and a compoundhaving at least two hydroxyl groups separated by at least two connectingatoms in a chain or ring, the chain or ring comprising carbon atoms,and, optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O toproduce an aqueous mixture; and

(c) lyophilizing the mixture.

For purposes of the invention, the term “boronic acid anhydride” refersto a chemical compound formed by combination of two or more molecules ofa boronic acid compound of formula (3), with loss of one or more watermolecules from the boronic acid moieties. When mixed with water, theboronic acid anhydride compound is hydrated to release a free boronicacid compound of formula (3).

In various embodiments, the boronic acid anhydride structure cancomprise two, three, four, or more boronic acid units and can have acyclic or linear configuration. In some embodiments, the boronic acidanhydride compound exists substantially in a single oligomeric form.However, the term “boronic acid anhydride compound” also encompassesmixtures of different oligomeric boronic acid anhydrides.

Non-limiting examples of such oligomeric boronic acid anhydrides areillustrated below:

In formulae (4) and (5), n is an integer from 0 to about 10, preferably0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. W, at each occurrence, preferably has formula (6):

wherein P, R¹, R², R³, and A are as defined above for formulae (1)-(3).In some preferred embodiments, the boronic acid anhydride compoundcomprises a cyclic trimer (“boroxine”) of formula (5), wherein n is 1and W has the meaning given above.

In some embodiments, at least 80% of the boronic acid present in theboronic acid anhydride compound exists in a single oligomeric anhydrideform. In some embodiments, at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the boronicacid present in the boronic acid anhydride compound exists in a singleoligomeric anhydride form. In some embodiments, the boronic acidanhydride compound consists essentially of a single oligomeric boronicacid anhydride. In some embodiments, the boronic acid anhydride compoundconsists of a single oligomeric boronic acid anhydride.

In some preferred embodiments, the boronic acid anhydride compoundconsists of, or consists essentially of, a boroxine of formula (5),wherein n is 1, and W has the meaning given above. In certainparticularly preferred embodiments, the boronic acid anhydride compoundconsists of, or consists essentially of, a boroxine having formula (7):

The boronic acid anhydride compound preferably can be prepared from thecorresponding boronic acid compound of formula (3) by exposure todehydrating conditions, including, but not limited to,recrystallization, lyophilization, exposure to heat, and/or exposure toa drying agent. Nonlimiting examples of suitable recrystallizationsolvents include ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, hexanes, ether,acetonitrile, ethanol, and mixtures thereof.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides compositions preparedaccording to the methods of the third or fourth aspects of theinvention. In some preferred embodiments, formulation of a boronic acidaccording to the methods of the invention results in formation of achemical derivative of the boronic acid compound, preferably formationof a boronate ester. In these embodiments, formulation of a boronic acidcompound according to the method of the invention produces a compositioncomprising a boronate ester compound, according to the second aspect ofthe invention.

In some other embodiments, formulation of a boronic acid compoundaccording to the method of the invention does not result in formation ofa chemical derivative of the boronic acid compound. In theseembodiments, the composition according to the fifth aspect of theinvention comprises a boronic acid compound and a compound having atleast two hydroxyl groups in a lyophilized powder.

The compositions according to the second and fifth aspects of theinvention can be readily reconstituted by adding an aqueous solvent.Preferably, the reconstitution solvent is suitable for pharmaceuticaladministration. Examples of suitable reconstitution solvents include,without limitation, water, saline, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS).For clinical use, the compositions according to the second or fifthaspects of the invention are preferably reconstituted with sterilesaline (0.9% w/v).

Upon reconstitution in aqueous medium, an equilibrium is establishedbetween any boronate ester present in the composition and thecorresponding boronic acid. Typically, equilibrium is reached quickly,e.g., within 10-15 minutes, after the addition of water. The relativeconcentrations of boronate ester and boronic acid present at equilibriumis dependent upon the pH of the solution, temperature, and the ratio ofdihydroxy compound to boronic acid compound.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a boronic acid anhydridecompound useful for the methods of the invention. Preferred boronic acidanhydride compounds are as described above for the fourth aspect of theinvention. When mixed with water, the boronic acid anhydride compound ishydrated to release the free boronic acid.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certainpreferred embodiments of the invention, and are not intended to limitthe scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of a Lyophilized Formulation ofN-(2-pyrazine)-carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid withD-mannitol

Approximately 40 mg of N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboronic acid was weighed into a container, and 16 mL of tert-butanol wasadded. The container was closed and the suspension was warmed toapproximately 45° C. for 5 minutes to complete dissolution of thecompound. Water (24 mL) was added with stirring, followed by 0.4 g ofmannitol, added as an excipient, 1% w/v. The mixture was stirred tocomplete dissolution and then cooled to ambient temperature. Thesolution was filtered through a 0.45 μm nylon membrane. One milliliteraliquots were placed in 5 mL serum bottles. Split rubber stoppers werepartially inserted into the bottles, and the bottles were placed in afreeze dryer with a shelf temperature of −45° C. After approximately 1hour, the vacuum was applied. The shelf temperature was allowed to risegradually to −35° C. and maintained at −35° C. until the ice was gonefrom the samples (approximately 40 hours). The shelf temperature controlwas then turned off and the shelf temperature was allowed to graduallyrise to 0° C. A secondary drying cycle was carried out by increasing theshelf temperature in 3 increments to 25° C. over a time period of 1.5hours. The shelf temperature was maintained at 25° C. for 2 hours. Thesamples were sealed under nitrogen and removed from the freeze dryer.

The residual moisture content of the samples was determined by KarlFischer analysis, using three lyophilized products. The water contentwas 0.88% by weight.

Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectral analysis of the lyophilizedproduct showed a strong signal at m/z=531 (see Figure), indicative offormation of a covalent boronate ester adduct betweenN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid andD-mannitol. Glycerol was employed as the matrix, and a signal for theglycerol adduct with N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboronic acid was observed at m/z=441. However, the intensity of thesignal at m/z=441 was very low compared to the signal at m/z=531,possibly indicative of the enhanced stability of the D-mannitol adduct.

Example 2 Production-scale Preparation of a Lyophilized Formulation ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid withD-mannitol

In a clean compounding vessel, a solution of 97% tert-butanol/3% Waterfor Injection was prepared by warming the required amount oftert-butanol to 35° C. and adding Water for Injection. Approximately 5%of the solution was reserved for use in rinsing. The solution was cooledto 15-30° C., and N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboroxine was added with stirring. The container was rinsed with thereserved tert-butanol/water solution, and the rinses were added to themain vessel. The mixture was stirred until the boronic acid compound wascompletely dissolved. Mannitol was added, with residual mannitol beingrinsed into the reaction vessel with fresh Water for Injection.Sufficient Water for Injection was added to reduce the total alcoholcontent to 40% v/v. The mixture was stirred until the mannitol wascompletely dissolved. The mixture was filtered through a 0.22 micronfilter. Aliquots of the filtered solution were placed into previouslysterilized vials. The vials were sealed with lyophilization stoppers andwere placed on lyophilizer chamber shelves maintained at −45° C. Aftertwo hours, the freeze dryer chamber was evacuated and the chamberpressure was adjusted to 100-200 microns with sterile nitrogen. Thelyophilizer chamber shelves were warmed to −30° C. using an appropriateramp rate, and held at that temperature for 10-15 hours. After each ofthe product thermocouples read −33° C. or warmer, the shelf temperaturewas adjusted to −15° C. over 7 hours using an appropriate ramp rate andmaintained at that temperature for 5 hours. After all productthermocouples recorded the shelf temperature, the shelf was warmed to 0°C. over a period of at least 7 hours using an appropriate ramp rate.When all thermocouples recorded 0° C., the shelf was warmed to 27° C.and maintained at that temperature for 4 hours. At the end of theterminal drying phase, the chamber pressure was restored using sterilenitrogen, and the vials were sealed and removed.

The mannitol boronate structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry(positive ion or electrospray, acetonitrile solution) and ¹³C NMR.

The ¹³C NMR (d₆-DMSO) spectrum revealed three new mannitol carbonsignals, as compared with the same region of the spectrum for freemannitol. This result indicates formation of a symmetrical mannitolcomplex as illustrated below:

Example 3 Preparation ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boroxine

(1S, 2S, 3R, 5S)-PinanediolN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate wassynthesized according to the procedures described in Adams et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,780,454 (1998) and dissolved in a mixture of methanol andhexanes at room temperature. Liberation of the terminal boronic acidsub-unit from the pinanediol protecting group was effected by treatmentwith 2-methylpropaneboronic acid and aqueous hydrochloric acid inmethanol and hexanes at room temperature. The progress of the reactionwas assessed by thin layer chromatography. The reaction mixture waspartitioned with hexanes/methanol and the aqueous methanol layer wasconcentrated to afford a solid. The solid was reconstituted with aqueoussodium hydroxide. After washing with dichloromethane, the aqueous layerwas acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid. The product was extractedusing dichloromethane. After drying with magnesium sulfate, the batchwas filtered and the dichloromethane was removed under reduced pressure.Hexanes were added and crude product was isolated by further strippingof solvent. The product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, collectedby filtration and dried under vacuum at 65-70° C. When the material wasdry, it was packaged in amber glass bottles with teflon-lined caps,labeled, and stored at −20° C.

The product has the trimeric boroxine structure shown below, assupported by the results of mass spectrometry, ¹H NMR, and elementalanalysis.

Mass spectral analysis (positive ion, electrospray) of an acetonitrilesolution of the product exhibited sodium, proton, and potassium adductsof trimeric boroxine at m/z=1121, 1099, and 1137, respectively. Nomonomeric boronic acid was observed in any adduct form.

The ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) spectrum showed no BOH resonance, suggesting thepresence of the boroxine structure.

X-ray powder diffraction and polarized-light microscopy analysisdemonstrated the crystalline nature of the product, and dynamic vaporsorption studies demonstrated its non-hygroscopic nature, consistentwith the anhydride structure.

Example 3 Reconstitution ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid

The lyophilized formulation ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid withD-mannitol was prepared as described in Example 1. One sample wasreconstituted with 2 mL of water. Dissolution was complete within 1-2minutes of shaking. The entire solution was transferred to a volumetricflask, diluted, and analyzed by HPLC for content ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid. The totaldrug content was 1.09 mg. A second sample was reconstituted with 1 mL ofpropylene glycol:EtOH:H₂O, 40:10:50. Dissolution was complete with 1minute of shaking. The total drug content was 1.11 mg.

The lyophilized formulation was also reconstituted with 0.9% w/v saline.The lyophilized material dissolved readily at concentrations up to 6mg/mL. By contrast, solidN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid was notsoluble in 0.9% w/v saline at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.

To be certain that free N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboronic acid was rapidly liberated upon reconstitution of thelyophilized formulation in aqueous solution, the lyophilized formulationwas dissolved in neat DMSO and assayed for inhibition of thechymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,780,454. Proteasome inhibition can only be observed ifhydrolysis under the assay conditions is fast. The observed K_(i) valueof 0.3 nM is equivalent to that observed for freeN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid,indicating complete and rapid hydrolysis of the D-mannitol adduct underthe assay conditions.

Example 4 HPLC Analysis ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid

System Parameters:

Column: Adsorbosphere-HS-C18, 5μ, 250×4.6 mm

Mobile Phase: 65/35: methanol/water containing 0.1% TFA

Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min

Detection/Sensitivity: PDA and UV at 255 nm, 0.1 aufs

Injection volume: 25 μL

Internal Standard Solution: 0.18 mg/mL diphenylamine in methanol

Sample Preparation: Accurately weighed 0.5-1.5 mg portions of the sampleor reference standard were dissolved in 2.00 mL of the internal standardsolution.

Chromatographic parameters: Sample Internal Standard Retention time 8.4min 18.9 min Capacity factor, k¹ 2.0  5.8 Asymmetry (10%) 1.7  1.3 Rel.Retention, α 0.34 Resolution, R_(s) = ΔT/ΣW_(½) 15.1

ΔT and ΣW_(½) are, respectively, the differences in retention times andthe sum of the mid-width of the sample and internal standard peaks.Minor variation of the mobile phase is allowed to achieve resultssimilar to those above.

Example 5 Stability of Formulations

Solid N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid

N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid wasprepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,454. The product wasobtained as a white amorphous powder. The product was stable for morethan 2 years when stored at −20° C., as determined by HPLC analysis(purity>97%). When stored at 2-8° C., the product was not stable forlonger than 3-6 months.

Liquid N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid

A sterile liquid formulation (0.5 mg/mL) ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid wasprepared in 0.9% w/v saline, 2% v/v ethanol and 0.1% w/v ascorbic acid.When stored at 2-8° C., the liquid formulation was not stable for longerthan 6 months, as determined by HPLC analysis.

Lyophilized D-mannitol N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineBoronate

The lyophilized product was prepared according to Example 1 and storedat 5° C., ambient temperature, 37° C., and 50° C. Stability wasmonitored for approximately 18 months by periodically reconstituting asample and analyzing the entire contents of the bottle by HPLC. Overthis time period, there was no loss of drug in the lyophilized productstored at any temperature and no evidence of degradation product peaksin the HPLC chromatograms.

Reconstituted Solution ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine Boronic Acid

The lyophilized product was prepared according to Example 1, and samples(2.5 mg/vial) were reconstituted with 2.5 mL of 0.9% w/v sterile saline.Dissolution was complete within 10 seconds and afforded a clearcolorless solution containing 1 mg/mL ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid. Thesolution showed no sign of degradation when stored at ambienttemperature (23° C.) for 43 hours. No special care was taken to protectthe solution from light.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having formula (1):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, isone of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or—W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portion ofany of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted; and Z¹ andZ² together form a moiety derived from a sugar, wherein the atomattached to boron in each case is an oxygen atom.
 2. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein the sugar is a monosaccharide or disaccharide.
 3. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the sugar is a reduced sugar.
 4. Thecompound of claim 3, wherein the reduced sugar is mannitol or sorbitol.5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z¹ and Z² together form a moietyderived from D-mannitol.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein P is one ofR⁷—C(O)—, R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O—C(O)—, where R⁷ is one ofalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl, any of which can be optionallysubstituted, or when Y is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be anoptionally substituted 5- to 10-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle.
 7. The compound of claim 6,wherein P is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, and R⁷ is an aromatic heterocycle.8. The compound of claim 7, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or(2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 9. The compound of claim 6, wherein: A is zero; Ris hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; and R³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 10. The compound ofclaim 9, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl. 11.The compound of claim 6, wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independentlyone of hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or C₁-C₈ alkylthio; where the ring portion of any of said aryl,aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups of R¹,R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 12. The compound of claim 1,wherein said compound is one of: D-MannitolN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate; D-MannitolN-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucineboronate; D-MannitolN-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate; D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate; or D-MannitolN-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate.
 13. The compound D-mannitolN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate.
 14. Acompound having formula (8):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; and R⁵, in each instance,is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portionof any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵can be optionally substituted.
 15. Acompound having formula (9):


16. A composition comprising a compound of formula (2)

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, isone of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or—W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portion ofany of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted; and Z³ andZ⁴ together form a moiety derived from a compound having at least twohydroxyl groups separated by at least two connecting atoms in a chain orring, said chain or ring comprising carbon atoms and, optionally, aheteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O; in a lyophilizedpowder.
 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein P is one of R⁷—C(O)—,R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O——C(O)—; where R⁷ is one of alkyl, aryl,alkaryl, or aralkyl, any of which can be optionally substituted, or whenY is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be an optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromaticheterocycle.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein P is R⁷—C(O)— orR⁷—S(O)₂—, and R⁷ is an aromatic heterocycle.
 19. The composition ofclaim 18, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl. 20.The composition of claim 17, wherein: A is zero; R is hydrogen or C₁-C₈alkyl; and R³ is C₁-C ₆ alkyl.
 21. The composition of claim 20, whereinP is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 22. The compositionof claim 16, wherein the compound having at least two hydroxyl groups isa sugar.
 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the sugar is amonosaccharide or disaccharide.
 24. The composition of claim 22, whereinthe sugar is a reduced sugar.
 25. The composition of claim 24, whereinthe reduced sugar is mannitol or sorbitol.
 26. The composition of claim16, wherein Z³ and Z⁴ together form a moiety derived from mannitol. 27.The composition of claim 26, wherein the mannitol is D-mannitol.
 28. Thecomposition of claim 17, wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independentlyone of hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or C₁-C₈ alkylthio; where the ring portion of any of said aryl,aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups of R¹,R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 29. The composition of claim16, comprising one of: D-MannitolN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate; D-MannitolN-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucineboronate; D-MannitolN-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronate;D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate; D-Mannitol N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate; or D-MannitolN-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronate.
 30. A composition, comprising D-mannitolN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronate in alyophilized powder.
 31. A composition, comprising a compound of formula(8):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; and R⁵, in each instance,is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portionof any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted; in alyophilized powder.
 32. A composition, comprising a compound of formula(9):

in a lyophilized powder.
 33. A method for formulating a boronic acidcompound, the method comprising: (a) preparing an aqueous mixturecomprising (i) a boronic acid compound; and (ii) a compound having atleast two hydroxyl groups separated by at least two connecting atoms ina chain or ring, the chain or ring comprising carbon atoms, andoptionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S, or O; and (b)lyophilizing the mixture.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein theboronic acid compound has formula (3):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group-protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, isone of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or—W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portion ofany of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted; and Z⁵ andZ⁶ are each OH.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein P is one ofR⁷—C(O)—, R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O—C(O)—, where R⁷ is one ofalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl, any of which can be optionallysubstituted, or when Y is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be anoptionally substituted 5- to 10-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle.
 36. The method of claim 35,wherein P is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, and R⁷ is an aromatic heterocycle.37. The method of claim 36, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or(2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein: A is zero; Ris hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl; and R³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 39. The method ofclaim 38, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl. 40.The method of claim 35, wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independentlyone of hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or—CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or C₁-C₈ alkylthio; where the ring portion of any of said aryl,aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups of R¹,R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 41. The method of claim 33,wherein the boronic acid compound is one of:N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronic acid.
 42. The method of claim 33, wherein the boronic acidcompound is N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronicacid.
 43. The method of claim 33, wherein the compound having at leasttwo hydroxyl groups is pharmaceutically acceptable.
 44. The method ofclaim 43, wherein the compound having at least two hydroxyl groups is asugar.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the sugar is a monosaccharideor disaccharide.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the sugar is areduced sugar.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the reduced sugar ismannitol or sorbitol.
 48. The method of claim 33, wherein the compoundhaving at least two hydroxyl groups is mannitol.
 49. The method of claim48, wherein the mannitol is D-mannitol.
 50. The method of claim 33,wherein the aqueous mixture further comprises a water-miscibleco-solvent.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the water-miscibleco-solvent is an alcohol.
 52. A method for formulating a boronic acidcompound, the method comprising: (a) preparing a boronic acid anhydridecompound; (b) mixing the boronic acid anhydride compound with water anda compound having at least two hydroxyl groups separated by at least twoconnecting atoms in a chain or ring, the chain or ring comprising carbonatoms, and, optionally, a heteroatom or heteroatoms which can be N, S,or O to produce an aqueous mixture; and (c) lyophilizing the mixture.53. The method of claim 52, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compoundcomprises one or more compounds of formulae (4) and (5):

wherein: n is an integer from 0 to about 10; W, at each occurrence, hasformula (6):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R² and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; and R⁵, in each instance,is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portionof any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 54. Themethod of claim 53, wherein P is one of R⁷—C(O)—, R⁷—S(O)₂—,R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O—C(O)—; where R⁷ is one of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, oraralkyl, any of which can be optionally substituted, or when Y isR⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be an optionally substituted 5- to10-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle.55. The method of claim 54, wherein P is R⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, and R⁷is an aromatic heterocycle.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein P is(2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 57. The method of claim54, wherein: A is zero; R is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; and R³ is C₁-C₆alkyl.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or(2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 59. The method of claim 54, wherein: R¹, R² and R³are each independently one of hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in each instance, is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl,(C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, or C₁-C₈ alkylthio; where the ring portion of any of said aryl,aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups of R¹,R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 60. The method of claim 52,wherein the boronic acid anhydride compound comprises an anhydride ofone of: N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronic acid.
 61. The method of claim 52, wherein the boronic acidanhydride compound comprises an anhydride ofN-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid.
 62. Themethod of claim 53, wherein the compound having at least two hydroxylgroups is pharmaceutically acceptable.
 63. The method of claim 62,wherein the compound having at least two hydroxyl groups is a sugar. 64.The method of claim 63, wherein the sugar is a monosaccharide ordisaccharide.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the sugar is a reducedsugar.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the reduced sugar is mannitolor sorbitol.
 67. The method of claim 62, wherein the compound having atleast two hydroxyl groups is mannitol.
 68. The method of claim 67,wherein the mannitol is D-mannitol.
 69. The method of claim 53, whereinthe aqueous mixture further comprises a water-miscible co-solvent. 70.The method of claim 69, wherein the water-miscible co-solvent is analcohol.
 71. The method of claim 53, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or
 4. 72.The method of claim 53, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compoundcomprises a compound of formula (5), wherein n is
 1. 73. The method ofclaim 53, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compound consistsessentially of a compound of formula (5), wherein n is
 1. 74. The methodof claim 53, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compound comprises aboroxine having formula (7):


75. The method of claim 53, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compoundconsists essentially of a boroxine having formula (7):


76. The method of claim 53, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compoundis prepared by recrystallization of a boronic acid compound.
 77. Themethod of claim 76, wherein the recrystallization solvent is selectedfrom the group consisting of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, hexanes,ether, acetonitrile, ethanol, and mixtures thereof.
 78. A compositionprepared according to the method of claim 33 or
 52. 79. A boronic acidanhydride compound comprising one or more compounds of formulae (4) and(5):

wherein: n is an integer from 0 to about 10; W, at each occurrence, hasformula (6):

wherein: P is hydrogen or an amino-group protecting moiety; R ishydrogen or alkyl; A is 0, 1, or 2; R¹, R², and R³ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; and R⁵, in each instance,is one of aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,or —W—R⁶, where W is a chalcogen and R⁶ is alkyl; where the ring portionof any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, orheteroaryl in R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ can be optionally substituted.
 80. Theboronic acid anhydride compound of claim 79, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or4.
 81. The boronic acid anhydride compound of claim 79, wherein theboronic acid anhydride compound comprises a compound of formula (5),wherein n is
 1. 82. The boronic acid anhydride compound of claim 79,wherein the boronic acid anhydride compound consists essentially of acompound of formula (5), wherein n is
 1. 83. The boronic acid anhydridecompound of claim 79, wherein P is one of R⁷—C(O)—, R⁷—S(O)₂—,R⁷—NH—C(O)—, or R⁷—O—C(O)—; where R⁷ is one of alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, oraralkyl, any of which can be optionally substituted, or when Y isR⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, R⁷ can also be an optionally substituted 5- to10-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle.84. The boronic acid anhydride compound of claim 79, wherein P isR⁷—C(O)— or R⁷—S(O)₂—, and R⁷ is an aromatic heterocycle.
 85. Theboronic acid anhydride compound of claim 84, wherein P is(2-pyrazine)carbonyl or (2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 86. The boronic acidanhydride compound of claim 83, wherein: A is zero; R is hydrogen orC₁-C₈ alkyl; and R³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 87. The boronic acid anhydridecompound of claim 86, wherein P is (2-pyrazine)carbonyl or(2-pyrazine)sulfonyl.
 88. The boronic acid anhydride compound of claim83, wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independently one of hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or —CH₂—R⁵; R⁵, in eachinstance, is one of C₆-C₁₀ aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)ar(C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₁-C₆)alk(C₆-C₁₀)aryl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, or C₁-C₈alkylthio; where the ring portion of any of said aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups of R¹, R², R³ or R⁵ canbe optionally substituted.
 89. The boronic acid anhydride compound ofclaim 79, wherein the boronic acid anhydride compound comprises ananhydride of one of: N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucineboronic acid; N-(2-quinoline)sulfonyl-L-homophenylalanine-L-leucineboronic acid; N-(3-pyridine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(8-quinoline)sulfonyl-β-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-(O-benzyl)-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronicacid; N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-L-tyrosine-L-leucine boronic acid;N-(4-morpholine)carbonyl-[O-(2-pyridylmethyl)]-L-tyrosine-L-leucineboronic acid.
 90. A boronic acid anhydride compound, comprising ananhydride of N-(2-pyrazine)carbonyl-L-phenylalanine-L-leucine boronicacid.
 91. A boronic acid anhydride compound comprising a boroxine havingformula (7):


92. A boronic acid anhydride compound consisting essentially of aboroxine having formula (7):